How to Prepare for Glacial Calving Events: Essential Safety Measures for Coastal Communities

Glacial calving events—when massive chunks of ice break off from glaciers—are becoming increasingly common and unpredictable due to climate change. These spectacular but potentially dangerous natural phenomena can trigger localized tsunamis, flooding, and other hazards that threaten coastal communities, tourism operations, and maritime activities. For those living, working, or traveling near tidewater glaciers in places like Alaska, Greenland, Antarctica, and other polar regions, understanding how to prepare for glacial calving events is no longer optional—it’s essential for safety.

According to the National Snow and Ice Data Center, the rate of glacial calving has accelerated by approximately 30% in some regions over the past two decades, creating new safety challenges for nearby populations. At Batten Home Security, we’ve seen growing concern among coastal community members who need reliable information about protecting their homes and families from these increasingly frequent events.

Understanding Glacial Calving: The Science Behind the Spectacle

Glacial calving is a natural process where sections of a glacier break off, creating icebergs that can range from car-sized chunks to massive pieces larger than skyscrapers. While calving is part of a glacier’s normal life cycle, climate change has altered traditional patterns, making these events more frequent and less predictable. The U.S. Geological Survey reports that warming ocean temperatures are undermining glacial stability from below, while rising air temperatures weaken ice structures from above, creating perfect conditions for unexpected calving.

The immediate dangers from calving events include:

Localized tsunamis that can reach heights of 50 feet or more
Sudden flooding in coastal areas
Hazardous ice debris in navigation channels
Structural damage to coastal buildings and infrastructure
Potential injuries or fatalities for anyone too close to the event

Understanding the warning signs of imminent calving is crucial. Increased cracking sounds, visible fissures forming in the ice face, unusual water movement patterns near the glacier, and increased small-scale ice falls can all indicate that a larger calving event may be imminent. Many of the coastal residents we work with have learned to recognize these signs through experience, but even seasoned observers can be caught off guard by the unpredictable nature of these events.

Early Warning Systems and Monitoring Technologies

Modern technology has revolutionized our ability to predict and monitor glacial calving events. In high-risk areas like Greenland’s Ilulissat Icefjord and Alaska’s Glacier Bay, sophisticated monitoring systems now provide crucial advance warnings that can save lives. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and similar agencies worldwide have deployed various technologies that help coastal communities prepare for potential calving events with more lead time than ever before.

Based on what we’ve seen implemented in vulnerable coastal communities, these monitoring systems have become essential components of local safety infrastructure:

Satellite monitoring: Agencies like NASA and the European Space Agency track glacier movement and structural changes from space, identifying potential calving zones before they become active
Seismic sensors: Networks of ground-based sensors detect subtle vibrations that often precede major calving events
Time-lapse photography: Automated camera systems document glacial movement over time, helping scientists identify patterns that may indicate imminent calving
Radar systems: Ground-penetrating radar technology reveals internal glacial structures and potential fracture zones
Drone surveillance: Unmanned aerial vehicles provide real-time visual data from perspectives that would be dangerous for human observers
Local warning systems: Community-based alert networks using sirens, text messages, and emergency broadcasts to quickly disseminate warnings

For homeowners in affected regions, staying connected to these warning systems is critical. Many of the families we work with have installed weather radios with specific alert tones for glacial events and signed up for emergency text alert systems specific to their region. These simple preparedness steps have proven valuable during recent calving incidents in Alaska and Norway.

Creating a Glacial Calving Emergency Plan

Developing a comprehensive emergency plan is essential for anyone living or operating near tidewater glaciers. The Alaska Department of Homeland Security recommends that all residents in glacial zones have a documented response plan that accounts for the unique challenges these events present. Unlike some other natural disasters, glacial calving events can happen with minimal warning, requiring immediate action.

A well-designed emergency plan should include:

Evacuation routes: Identify multiple paths to higher ground, considering that primary routes may become flooded or blocked
Meeting locations: Establish two designated meeting points—one close by for immediate evacuation and another further inland for major events
Communication protocol: Develop a plan for how family members or team members will contact each other if separated during an evacuation
Emergency supplies: Maintain grab-and-go kits with essential items (detailed in the next section)
Special considerations: Account for children, elderly family members, individuals with disabilities, and pets in your planning
Property protection measures: Document steps for securing your property if time allows

Many of the coastal homeowners we assist have found that conducting regular household drills significantly improves response times during actual emergencies. Just as with fire drills, practicing your glacial calving response plan helps build muscle memory that can be crucial during high-stress situations.

Essential Emergency Supplies for Glacial Calving Zones

Residents in areas prone to glacial calving events should maintain specialized emergency kits that address the unique challenges these events present. Unlike standard emergency preparedness kits, these should account for the potential for sudden flooding, extended periods without utilities, and the need for specialized communication tools. The American Red Cross and local emergency management agencies in Alaska recommend these supplies be kept in waterproof containers that can be quickly grabbed during an evacuation.

Water and purification tools: Store at least one gallon per person per day for a minimum of three days, plus water purification tablets or portable filters
Non-perishable food: Pack calorie-dense, ready-to-eat items that don’t require cooking
Cold-weather gear: Include waterproof clothing, thermal layers, and emergency blankets, as flooding from calving events often involves near-freezing water
Communication tools: Pack a hand-crank or battery-powered weather radio, satellite phone or emergency beacon (especially important in remote areas), and portable power banks
Navigation equipment: Include waterproof maps, compass, and GPS devices with spare batteries
First aid supplies: Assemble a comprehensive kit including treatments for hypothermia and water-related injuries
Documentation: Store waterproof copies of important documents, including insurance policies, identification, and property records
Flotation devices: Keep personal flotation devices accessible for everyone in the household

For communities in remote areas like Greenland or parts of Alaska, these emergency kits may need to sustain residents for longer periods, as emergency response assistance might be delayed by weather conditions or limited transportation options. We typically recommend starting with comprehensive emergency preparedness kits and then customizing them with additional items specific to glacial hazards.

Structural Preparations for Coastal Properties

Homes and businesses located in areas vulnerable to glacial calving-induced flooding require specific structural adaptations. The U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and coastal engineering experts recommend several key modifications to improve resilience against the sudden water surges that can follow major calving events. These adaptations are particularly important as climate change increases both the frequency and unpredictability of these events.

For properties within potential impact zones, consider these structural preparations:

Elevation: Raise structures above potential flood levels, with additional margin for the unpredictable nature of calving-induced waves
Foundation reinforcement: Strengthen foundations to withstand lateral water pressure and impact from floating debris
Flood barriers: Install deployable flood barriers that can be quickly set up when warnings are issued
Water-resistant materials: Use water-resistant building materials for lower levels, including marine-grade plywood, concrete, and specialized coatings
Electrical system elevation: Raise electrical systems, including circuit breakers, wiring, and outlets above potential flood levels
Anchoring systems: Install ground anchors for structures to prevent floating or displacement during flooding
Impact-resistant windows: Install windows designed to withstand pressure from wave action and flying debris
Breakaway walls: For areas with severe risk, consider breakaway wall designs that allow water to flow through lower levels without compromising structural integrity

Many homeowners we work with in glacier-adjacent communities have found that these modifications not only increase safety but can also reduce insurance premiums and increase property values. While the initial investment may be significant, the long-term protection these adaptations provide makes them worthwhile for properties in high-risk zones.

Community-Level Preparedness Measures

Effective preparation for glacial calving events extends beyond individual households to encompass entire communities. In places like Ilulissat, Greenland and Whittier, Alaska, community-wide preparedness programs have significantly reduced the risk of casualties from calving-related hazards. These programs demonstrate how collective action can enhance safety for everyone in vulnerable areas.

Based on successful models from glacial communities worldwide, effective community preparedness includes:

Zoning and land use planning: Establishing buffer zones between glacial areas and residential/commercial development
Public education campaigns: Regular community workshops on glacial hazards, warning signs, and proper response procedures
Community warning systems: Installation of sirens, automated alert systems, and public announcement capabilities
Evacuation route development: Clearly marked routes to high ground with regular maintenance to ensure accessibility
Regular drills: Community-wide practice evacuations and emergency response exercises
Visitor education: Programs to inform tourists and temporary visitors about glacial calving risks and safety protocols
Local observer networks: Training community members to recognize and report warning signs of imminent calving

Community-based monitoring has proven particularly effective in remote areas where professional scientific monitoring may be limited. In several Alaskan communities, local observer networks use traditional knowledge combined with basic scientific training to provide early warnings that have saved lives during recent calving events.

Special Considerations for Tour Operators and Maritime Activities

For tour companies, fishing operations, and other maritime businesses operating near tidewater glaciers, specialized safety protocols are essential. The U.S. Coast Guard and similar agencies in other countries have developed specific guidelines for vessels operating in glacial waters, recognizing the unique hazards these environments present. These guidelines have evolved as calving patterns have become more unpredictable due to climate change.

Maritime operators should implement these safety measures:

Maintaining safe distances: Establish and strictly enforce minimum distance requirements from active glacier faces (typically at least 1/4 mile, though this varies based on glacier activity levels)
Crew training: Provide specialized training for all staff on glacial hazard recognition and emergency procedures
Passenger briefings: Conduct thorough safety briefings for all passengers before approaching glacial areas
Enhanced communication: Maintain constant radio contact with other vessels and shore stations when operating near glaciers
Vessel requirements: Ensure vessels have appropriate ice-strengthened hulls and enhanced maneuverability for glacial environments
Monitoring equipment: Install specialized radar and sonar systems capable of detecting underwater ice and sudden water movements
Rapid evacuation capabilities: Develop and practice procedures for quickly moving vessels away from danger zones

Tour operators who prioritize these safety measures not only protect their clients and staff but also often report higher customer satisfaction. When tourists understand that their safety is being protected through professional protocols, they can more fully enjoy the spectacular experience of viewing these natural wonders.

Insurance and Financial Preparations

Financial resilience is a critical aspect of preparing for glacial calving events that is often overlooked. Standard homeowner’s insurance policies typically exclude damage from flooding, including that caused by glacial calving-induced waves. The financial impact of these events can be devastating without proper coverage and financial planning. According to the Insurance Information Institute, specialized coverage is essential for properties in glacial impact zones.

To protect your financial security, consider these preparations:

Specialized insurance: Obtain flood insurance through the National Flood Insurance Program or private insurers familiar with glacial hazards
Documentation: Maintain detailed, current inventories of personal property with photos and value estimates stored in waterproof and off-site locations
Emergency funds: Establish dedicated savings for emergency expenses, as even insured losses may require immediate out-of-pocket spending
Business continuity planning: For commercial operations, develop comprehensive plans for maintaining operations during recovery periods
Grant and assistance programs: Research federal, state, and local assistance programs available for natural disaster recovery in your area
Risk disclosure: Understand local requirements for disclosing glacial hazards when selling property

Many of the homeowners we work with in glacial zones have found that working with insurance agents who specialize in unique environmental hazards results in more appropriate coverage. These specialists can help identify coverage gaps that general agents might miss when dealing with the unique risks posed by glacial calving events.

The Role of Climate Change in Glacial Calving Preparation

Climate change has fundamentally altered the nature and frequency of glacial calving events, requiring adaptation in how we prepare for these hazards. According to research published in the journal Nature, the rate of ice loss from glaciers has accelerated by 65% since the 1990s. This acceleration means that historical patterns are no longer reliable guides for predicting calving behavior. Communities that have existed safely near glaciers for generations now face new and intensified risks.

Understanding these changes is essential for effective preparation:

Increased frequency: Many glaciers now experience major calving events several times more frequently than historical averages
Larger events: Warming has led to more substantial calving episodes, creating larger waves and more extensive flooding
New risk zones: Areas previously considered safe may now be within impact zones as glacial retreat changes calving dynamics
Seasonal changes: Traditional seasonal patterns of calving have become less predictable, with events now occurring during previously stable periods
Compound hazards: Climate change creates situations where calving events may coincide with other hazards like extreme rainfall or storm surges

For effective long-term planning, communities and individuals must adopt adaptive management approaches that continuously incorporate new data about changing glacial conditions. Static emergency plans based on historical patterns are increasingly inadequate in the face of rapid environmental change.

Case Studies: Learning from Recent Calving Events

Examining recent glacial calving incidents provides valuable insights into effective preparation and response strategies. These real-world examples highlight both successful preparations that saved lives and property, as well as lessons learned from situations where preparation was inadequate. By studying these cases, communities and individuals can refine their own preparedness plans.

Eqip Sermia Glacier, Greenland (2014)

In July 2014, a massive calving event at Greenland’s Eqip Sermia glacier created waves over 50 feet high that devastated a nearby tourist camp. Despite the camp being located what was previously considered a safe distance away, the unprecedented scale of the calving event created waves that traveled much further than expected.

Key lessons:

Traditional “safe distances” may no longer apply as climate change alters calving patterns
The importance of having multiple evacuation routes to higher ground
The value of real-time monitoring systems that can detect unusual glacier movement patterns

Tracy Arm Fjord, Alaska (2019)

A tour boat in Alaska’s Tracy Arm Fjord narrowly avoided disaster when operators recognized early warning signs of an imminent calving event and moved to a safe distance just minutes before a massive section of ice collapsed. The operator’s training in recognizing subtle changes in ice face appearance and sound patterns proved life-saving.

Key lessons:

The critical importance of specialized training for anyone operating near glaciers
The value of establishing and strictly adhering to safety protocols
How communication between vessels operating in the same area can enhance collective safety

Resources for Ongoing Learning and Preparation

Staying informed about glacial hazards requires accessing reliable, up-to-date information sources. For those living, working, or traveling in areas affected by glacial calving, these resources provide valuable guidance for preparation and ongoing monitoring. Many of the most effective community preparedness programs incorporate regular education using these resources.

Emergency preparedness supplies: Specialized equipment designed for rapid evacuation and survival in challenging conditions
Government agencies:
- U.S. Geological Survey Glacier Studies Program
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
- State-level emergency management agencies in Alaska, Washington, and other glaciated regions
Research institutions:
- National Snow and Ice Data Center
- University of Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical Institute
- International Cryosphere Climate Initiative
Community resources:
- Local emergency management offices in glacier-adjacent communities
- Visitor centers in national parks with active glaciers
- Tour operator associations with glacier safety protocols

For families living in affected areas, we recommend scheduling regular reviews of these resources to stay current on best practices and changing conditions. Many of these organizations offer email alerts or newsletters that provide updates on significant research findings or changes in safety recommendations.

Conclusion: Building Resilience in a Changing World

Preparing for glacial calving events represents a unique challenge in our changing climate. As these events become more frequent and less predictable, communities and individuals must adopt proactive, adaptive approaches to safety. The strategies outlined in this guide provide a foundation for building resilience against these powerful natural phenomena.

Effective preparation requires combining traditional knowledge with modern technology, personal responsibility with community action, and immediate safety measures with long-term planning. By implementing comprehensive preparation strategies—from emergency kits and evacuation plans to structural adaptations and community warning systems—those living and working near tidewater glaciers can significantly reduce their vulnerability.

While glacial calving events cannot be prevented, their impact on human safety and property can be substantially mitigated through informed preparation. As climate change continues to alter glacial behavior, ongoing learning and adaptation will remain essential components of effective safety planning.

Want to ensure your family is prepared for natural disasters like glacial calving events? Browse Batten’s expert-recommended emergency preparedness tools and start protecting what matters most today.

Sources used for this article:

National Snow and Ice Data Center, Glaciers and Climate Change, https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/glaciers/questions/climate.html

U.S. Geological Survey, Glacier and Landscape Change in Response to Changing Climate, https://www.usgs.gov/centers/alaska-science-center/science/glacier-and-landscape-change-response-changing-climate

Nature Journal, “Global glacier mass changes and their contributions to sea-level rise from 1961 to 2016”, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-0889-9